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Privy midden
The privy midden (also midden closet) was a toilet system that consisted of a privy associated with a midden (or middenstead). They were widely used in rapidly expanding industrial cities such as Manchester in England, but were difficult to empty and clean. A typical comment was that they were of "most objectionable construction" and "usually wet and very foul".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=An Illustrated History of Old Sutton in St.Helens Part 18 (of 53) – Health and Sanitary Conditions in Sutton )〕 They were very often replaced eventually by pail closets and flush toilets.
==Development and improvement==
The midden closet was a development of the privy, which had evolved from the primitive "fosse" ditch. The early version was essentially an outhouse for public use, located over a hole in the ground at a public dump.
In a speech given to the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1876 a Mr Redgrave described the midden closet as representing "the standard of all that is utterly wrong, constructed as it is of porous materials, and permitting free soakage of filth into the surrounding soil, capable of containing the entire dejections from a house, or from a block of houses, for months and even years".
Later improvements, such as a midden closet built in Nottingham, used a brick-raised seat above a concave receptacle to direct excreta toward the centre of the pit—which was lined with cement to prevent leakage into the surrounding soil. This closet was also designed with a special opening through which deodorising material could be scattered over the top of the pit. A special ventilation shaft was also installed. The design offered a significant improvement over the less advanced midden-privy, but the problems of emptying and cleaning such pits remained and thus the pail system, with its easily removable container, became more popular.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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